PRE FINAL EXAM

CHIPSET

Chipset - A number of integrated circuits designed to perform one or more related functions. For example, one chipset may provide the basic functions of a modem while another provides the CPU functions for a computer. Newer chipsets generally include functions provided by two or more older chipsets. In some cases, older chipsets that required two or more physical chips can be replaced with a chipset on one chip.

Kinds of Intel Chipsets

Desktop Chipsets - Get enhanced capabilities for audio, digital video and communications with Intel® chipset technologies for desktop PCs.

Performance Desktop ChipsetsIntel® 975X Express Chipset - Platforms based on the Intel® 975X Express Chipset and Intel® Pentium® processor Extreme Edition deliver incredible high performance for gaming, multimedia entertainment and demanding business applications of today and tomorrow.

The Intel 975X Express Chipset-enables Intel's highest desktop performance platforms, with support for the latest Intel dual-core processors, adding intelligence to help manage and prioritize multiple (quad) threads received from the processor.
In addition to multiple thread support, the Intel 975X Express Chipset enables key performance-optimized capabilities such as support for multiple 2x8 graphics cards, Intel® Memory Pipeline Technology (Intel® MPT), 8GB memory addressability to enable 64-bit computing, and ECC memory support.

Intel® 955X Express Chipset - Platforms based on the Intel® 955X Express Chipset and Intel® Pentium® processor Extreme Edition deliver incredible digital entertainment experiences and meet the most demanding business applications of today and tomorrow. The Intel 955X Express Chipset enables Intel's highest performance platforms, with support for the new Intel dual-core processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology†, adding intelligence to help manage and prioritize four software threads simultaneously for the first time on desktop PCs. Additionally, this chipset supports key performance-optimized capabilities such as Intel® Memory Pipeline Technology (Intel® MPT), up to 8 GB memory addressability to help enable 64-bit computing, and ECC memory support.

Intel® 925XE Express Chipset - The Intel® 925XE Express chipset and the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor Extreme Edition supporting Hyper-Threading Technology† create a platform optimized to deliver exceptional system performance, providing advanced technology and new levels of efficiency to help meet the demands of advanced computer users.The features of the Intel 925XE Express chipset deliver a compelling solution for the most demanding high-end multimedia creator, media user or gamer.

Intel® 925X Express Chipset - Intel® 925X Express chipset-based platforms are optimized to deliver exceptional system performance, providing advanced technology and new levels of efficiency to help meet the demands of advanced computer users.The Intel 925X Express chipset was designed to support the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor Extreme Edition supporting Hyper-Threading Technology† and the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology†. Additionally, the Intel 925X Express chipset is specifically designed to support Intel® Extended Memory 64 TechnologyΦ (Intel® EM64T) enabling 64-bit memory addressability.

Mainstream Desktop Chipsets

Intel® G35 Express Chipset - The Intel G35 Express Chipset continues the Intel chipset legacy and extends it to new levels with purpose-built capabilities designed specifically to address the key needs of the home user. With advancements in graphics, video, and system responsiveness, the Intel G35 Express Chipset allows your PC to be the center of home computing, communication, and entertainment.Desktop PC platforms based on the Intel G35 Express Chipset, combined with either the Intel Core 2 Duo or Intel Core 2 Quad processor, and with support for next-generation 45nm Intel® Core™2 processor family, deliver innovative capabilities and usages for digital home consumers and new levels of 3D and media performance while enabling lower power and quieter systems.

Intel® Q35 and Q33 Express Chipsets - The Intel Q35 and Q33 Express Chipsets will deliver support for Intel's upcoming 45nm processors. Intel is also bringing higher performance in combination with greater energy efficiency and supplying critical building blocks for continued Energy Star* support. The Intel Q35 and Q33 Express Chipsets are continuously advancing capabilities of the Intel® vPro™ processor technology by providing leading security and manageability.Desktop PC platforms based on the Intel Q35 and Q33 Express Chipsets, combined with either the Intel Core 2 Duo or Intel Core 2 Quad processor, and with support for next-generation 45nm Intel® Core™2 processor family, deliver innovative capabilities and usages for digital home consumers and new levels of 3D and media performance while enabling lower power and quieter systems.

Intel® P35 Express Chipset - The Intel P35 Express Chipset supports new technologies such as 1333 MHz System Bus speed, next-generation 45nm dual- and quad-core processors, and DDR3 memory to deliver increased system bandwidth and improved performance. With built-in design headroom, Intel® Fast Memory Access (Intel® FMA) and Intel® Turbo Memory, platforms based on the Intel P35 Express Chipset enable best-of-class performance and offer the best value for performance desktop computing.Desktop PC platforms based on the Intel P35 Express Chipset, combined with either the Intel® Core™2 Duo or Intel® Core™2 Quad processor, deliver new technologies and innovative capabilities for enthusiasts and digital home consumers.

Intel® P31 Express Chipset - The Intel® P31 Express Chipset supports Intel's upcoming 45nm processors, enabling a scalable discrete platform for value conscious consumers. With a 1066MHz system bus and DDR2 memory technology, the Intel® P31 Express chipset enables a scalable discrete platform for value conscious consumer.

Intel® Q965 Express Chipset and Intel® Q963 Express Chipset - The Intel Q965 and Q963 Express Chipsets continue the Intel chipset legacy and extend it to new levels with purpose-built capabilities designed specifically to address the key needs of the office computing environment. With advancements in manageability, graphics, stability, data protection and, optimizations to support the most advanced business operating systems, the Intel Q965 and Q963 Express Chipsets are designed to help businesses better manage costs, provide a safer computing environment and deploy more responsive PCs.

The Intel® Q965 Express Chipset- supports Intel® vPro™ technology¹.Intel® G965 Express Chipset - The Intel® G965 Express Chipset continues the Intel chipset legacy and extends it to new levels with purpose-built capabilities designed specifically to address the key needs of the home user. With advancements in graphics, video, responsiveness and data protection, the Intel G965 Express Chipset allows your PC to be the center of home computing, communication, and entertainment.

Intel® 945P Express Chipset - The Intel 945P Express Chipset delivers outstanding system performance through high-bandwidth interfaces such as dual-channel DDR2 memory, 1066/800 MHz system bus, PCI Express* x16 graphics port and PCI Express x1 I/O ports, next generation Serial ATA and Hi-Speed USB 2.0 connectivity. In addition, the Intel 945P Express Chipset includes support for Intel® Active Management Technology, the next generation of remote client network management for business.

Intel® 945GT Express Chipset - The Intel® 945GT Express Chipset, combined with the Intel® Core™ Duo processor, delivers innovative features and new benefits for both home and business at low power consumption. These features provide enhanced manageability, security and responsiveness to meet evolving business needs.The Intel 945GT Express Chipset offers outstanding system performance through high-bandwidth interfaces such as PCI Express*, Serial ATA*, and Hi-Speed USB* 2.0, and the enhanced Gen 3.5 integrated graphics controller.

Intel® 875P Chipset - The Intel® 875P chipset, optimized for the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology†, adds intelligence to help manage and prioritize multiple threads received from the microprocessor. The 875P chipset features support for an 800 MHz Front Side Bus (FSB) and implements Intel® Performance Acceleration Technology (Intel® PAT) with dual-channel DDR 400 memory configurations to get incredible performance from the memory interface.

Intel® 865G Chipset - The Intel® 865G chipset, designed for the Intel® Pentium® D processor (compatible with the lead free version of Intel® 865G Chipsets supporting socket LGA775) and the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology†, is a highly flexible and scalable solution that meets a broad range of demanding computing needs. The 865G chipset offers solid performance through a variety of exciting features, including dual-channel DDR 400 main memory, an 800 MHz system bus, and an integrated graphics controller with Intel® Extreme Graphics 2 technology.

Intel® 865GV Chipset - The Intel® 865GV chipset, designed for the Intel® Pentium® D processor (compatible with the lead free version of Intel® 865G Chipsets supporting socket LGA775) and the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology†, is a highly scalable solution that meets a range of demanding computing needs. The 865GV chipset offers solid performance through a variety of exciting features, including dual-channel DDR 400 main memory, 800 MHz system bus, and integrated graphics controller with Intel® Extreme Graphics 2 technology.

Intel® 865PE Chipset - The Intel® 865PE chipset, designed for the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology†, is a flexible and highly scalable solution that meets a broad range of demanding computing needs. The 865PE chipset features high-bandwidth interfaces such as dual-channel DDR 400 main memory, AGP 8X graphics interface, and Intel® Communication Streaming Architecture featuring a Dedicated Network Bus (DNB) interface for wire-speed Gigabit Ethernet (GbE).

Value Desktop Chips

Intel® 910GL Express Chipset - The Intel® 910GL Express chipset brings compelling new capabilities to the desktop PC. Designed for the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology†, the 910GL chipset features a decade's worth of innovation:PCI Express* buses can deliver over 3.5 times more bandwidth for I/O1New Graphics capability with integrated Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 900Intel® High Definition Audio for smoother media recording

Intel® 848P Chipset - The Intel® 848P chipset, designed for the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology†, is a flexible solution that meets a broad range of demanding computing needs. The 848P chipset features an 800 MHz system bus, AGP 8X graphics interface, Intel® Communication Streaming Architecture, dual independent serial ATA ports and high-speed USB 2.0 connectivity.

Intel® 845E Chipset - The Intel® 845E chipset is optimized for the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology† and Intel NetBurst® microarchitecture. Highlights include 533 MHz system bus and integrated high-speed USB 2.0.

Intel® 845E Chipset - The Intel® 845E chipset is optimized for the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology† and Intel NetBurst® microarchitecture. Highlights include 533 MHz system bus and integrated high-speed USB 2.0.

Intel® 845GE Chipset - The Intel® 845GE chipset is optimized for the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology†. Highlights include DDR333 memory and Intel® Extreme Graphics technology, running at 266 MHz core speed, which enables even better performance than previous generation chipsets.

Intel® 845GL Chipset - The Intel® 845GL chipset enables a higher level of computing at value system price points. The integrated Intel® Extreme Graphics technology delivers an extremely stable, reliable and innovative architecture. The 845GL chipset features an available main memory bandwidth of DDR266 while maintaining backward compatibility with PC133 SDRAM.
Intel® 845GV Chipset - The Intel® 845GV chipset is an innovative integrated graphics chipset developed with DDR266 memory and optimized to support the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology†. The Intel® 845GV chipset features Intel® Extreme Graphics technology, running at 266 MHz core speed.

Intel® 845PE Chipset - The Intel® 845PE chipset is a discrete graphics chipset developed with DDR333 and optimized to support the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology†.

latest video card

Radeon™ X1950 Graphics Technology
With the Radeon™ X1950, your graphics performance will never be compromised.
Imagine games with hyper realistic light blooms, lifelike skin textures, and silky smooth hair. Now imagine the non-stop action packed gaming on a CrossFire™ platform – the only choice for hardcore gamers.

That’s what it’s like with the Radeon X1950, ATI’s fastest and most flexible 3D processor. All gaming, all the time. Radeon™ graphics. Never compromise.
Radeon™ X1950 Graphics Technology - GPU Specifications

features

Features384 million transistors on 90nm fabrication processUp to 48 pixel shader processors8 vertex shader processorsUp to 256-bit 8-channel GDDR4 memory interfaceNative PCI Express x16 bus interface .

Ring Bus Memory Controller

Up to 512-bit internal ring bus for memory readsFully associative texture, color, and Z/stencil cache designsHierarchical Z-buffer with Early Z testLossless Z Compression (up to 48:1)Fast Z-Buffer ClearOptimized for performance at high display resolutions, including widescreen HDTV resolutions.

Ultra-Threaded Shader Engine

Support for Microsoft® DirectX® 9.0 Shader Model 3.0 programmable vertex and pixel shaders in hardwareFull speed 128-bit floating point processing for all shader operationsUp to 512 simultaneous pixel threadsDedicated branch execution units for high performance dynamic branching and flow controlDedicated texture address units for improved efficiency3Dc+ texture compression o High quality 4:1 compression for normal maps and two-channel data formatsHigh quality 2:1 compression for luminance maps and single-channel data formatsComplete feature set also supported in OpenGL® 2.0

Advanced Image Quality

Features64-bit floating point HDR rendering supported throughout the pipelineIncludes support for blending and multi-sample anti-aliasing32-bit integer HDR (10:10:10:2) format supported throughout the pipelineIncludes support for blending and multi-sample anti-aliasing2x/4x/6x Anti-Aliasing modesMulti-sample algorithm with gamma correction, programmable sparse sample patterns, and centroid samplingNew Adaptive Anti-Aliasing feature with Performance and Quality modesTemporal Anti-Aliasing modeLossless Color Compression (up to 6:1) at all resolutions, including widescreen HDTV resolutions2x/4x/8x/16x Anisotropic Filtering modesUp to 128-tap texture filteringAdaptive algorithm with Performance and Quality optionsHigh resolution texture support (up to 4k x 4k)

Avivo™ Video and Display

PlatformHigh performance programmable video processorAccelerated MPEG-2, MPEG-4, DivX, WMV9, VC-1, and H.264 decoding and transcodingDXVA supportDe-blocking and noise reduction filteringMotion compensation, IDCT, DCT and color space conversionVector adaptive per-pixel de-interlacing3:2 pulldown (frame rate conversion)Seamless integration of pixel shaders with video in real timeHDR tone mapping accelerationMaps any input format to 10 bit per channel outputFlexible display supportDual integrated dual-link DVI transmittersDVI 1.0 compliant / HDMI interoperable and HDCP ready*Dual integrated 10 bit per channel 400 MHz DACs16 bit per channel floating point HDR and 10 bit per channel DVI outputProgrammable piecewise linear gamma correction, color correction, and color space conversion (10 bits per color)Complete, independent color controls and video overlays for each displayHigh quality pre- and post-scaling engines, with underscan support for all outputsContent-adaptive de-flicker filtering for interlaced displaysXilleon™ TV encoder for high quality analog outputYPrPb component output for direct drive of HDTV displaysSpatial/temporal dithering enables 10-bit color quality on 8-bit and 6-bit displaysFast, glitch-free mode switchingVGA mode support on all outputsDrive two displays simultaneously with independent resolutions and refresh ratesCompatible with ATI TV/Video encoder products, including Theater 550* Playing HDCP content requires additional HDCP ready components, including but not limited to an HDCP ready monitor, disc drive, multimedia application and computer operating system.

CrossFire™

Multi-GPU technologyFour modes of operation:Alternate Frame Rendering (maximum performance)Supertiling (optimal load-balancing)Scissor (compatibility)Super AA 8x/10x/12x/14x (maximum image quality)

EXERCISE 2

memory chips- is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is a technology that is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives (thumb drives, handy drive, memory stick, flash stick, jump drive), which are used for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. It is a specific type of EEPROM that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once. Flash memory costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and therefore has become the dominant technology wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid-state storage is needed. Examples of applications include PDAs and laptop computers, digital audio players, digital cameras and mobile phones. It has also gained some popularity in the game console market, where it is often used instead of EEPROMs or battery-powered static RAM (SRAM) for game save data.

RAM CHIP-Random acces

mory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a type of data storage used in computers. It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order — that is, at random and without the physical movement of the storage medium or a physical reading head.
The word "random" refers to the fact that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.[1] This contrasts with storage mechanisms such as tapes, magnetic discs and optical discs, which rely on the physical movement of the recording medium or a reading head. In these devices, the movement takes longer than the data transfer, and the retrieval time varies depending on the physical location of the next item.

ROM CHIPS- is a computer file which contains a copy of the data from a read-only memory chip, often from a video game cartridge, a computer's firmware, or from an arcade game's main board. The term is frequently used in the context of emulation, whereby older games or computer firmware are copied to ROM files on modern computers and can, using a piece of software known as an emulator, be run on the newer computer.
ROM images are also used when developing for embedded computers. Software which is being developed for embedded computers is often written to ROM files for testing on a standard computer before it is written to a ROM chip for use in the embedded system. At present, this article deals mainly with the use of ROM in relation to emulation.

PROM- is a removable memory chip located within an ECM. PROM stands for
Programmable Read Only Memory. This memory chip contains the vehicle
characteristic information, as well as memory tables for such functions as spark timing,
fuel control, emission control strategy, etc. The information contained within the PROM
memory chip can be thought of as an instruction manual written for the ECM. Without
the proper PROM chip, an ECM may not function as intended for a specific vehicle
application. Also, if certainAn.

EPROM CHIPS-, or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of computer memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. In other words, it is non-volatile. It is an array of floating-gate transistors individually programmed by an electronic device that supplies higher voltages than those normally used in electronic circuits. Once programmed, an EPROM can be erased only by exposing it to strong ultraviolet light. That UV light usually has a wavelength of 235nm (for optimum erasure time) and belongs to the UVC range of UV light. EPROMs are easily recognizable by the transparent fused quartz window in the top of the package, through which the silicon chip can be seen, and which permits UV light during erasing.

EEPROM CHIPS-A simple program was written in assembly to blink a LED connected to port D, pin 2 (PD2) to
demonstrate the procedure to modify assembly programs for loading to off-chip EEPROM. The program
was designed such that the state of PD2 is toggled whenever an output compare 2 interrupt occurs. The
assembly program along with comments is listed below.

SEIAL PORTS- is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time (contrast parallel port). Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data transfer through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals or modems. Mice, keyboards, and other peripheral devices also connected in this way.
While such interfaces as Ethernet, FireWire, and USB all send data as a serial stream, the term "serial port" usually identifies hardware more or less compliant to the RS-232 standard, intended to interface with a modem or with a similar communication device.
For many computer peripheral devices the USB interface has replaced the serial port — as of 2007, most modern computers are connected to devices through a USB connection, and often don't even have a serial port. The serial port is omitted for cost savings, and is considered to be a legacy port. However serial ports can still be found in industrial automation systems and some industrial and consumer products. Network equipment (such as routers and switches) often have serial ports for configuration. Serial ports are still used in these areas as they are simple, cheap and allow interoperability between devices. The disadvantage is that setting up serial connections may require expert knowledge and complex.

Universal Serial Bus- an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps. A single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and keyboards. USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging

BUSES-is a large road vehicle designed to carry numerous passengers in addition to the driver and sometimes a conductor. The name is a neologic version of the Latin omnibus, which means "for everyone

LOCAL BUSES-VESA Local Bus is an example of a local bus design.
Although VL-Bus was later succeeded by AGP, it is not correct to categorize AGP as a local bus. Whereas VL-Bus operated on the CPU's memory bus at the CPU's clock speed, an AGP peripheral runs at specified clock speeds that run independently of the CPU cla computer bus that connects directly, or almost directly, from the CPU to oneis or more slots on the expansion bus. The significance of direct connection to the CPU is avoiding the bottleneck created by the expansion bus, thus providing fast throughput.
ock (usually using a divider of the CPU clock).

// File: struct-test.cpp
//
// This example shows the use of a structure in C++ and how it behaves much
// like a class including the use of a contructor yet maintains the useability
// of a regular C structure.
#include
#include
using namespace std;
main()
{
struct DataElement {
string SVal;
int iVal;
bool hasData;
DataElement() // Example of a constructor used in a structure.
{
iVal=-1;
hasData=0;
}
} *RealData;
RealData = new DataElement [ 5 ];
// Assignment
RealData[0].SVal = "Value loaded into first structure element.";
RealData[0].hasData = 1; // True

MY AUTOBIOGRAPHY

Im Jonathan Maud im 18 years old, my father's name sudong maud my mother's name noraisa maud

my two brothers and one sister, my favorite is chicken adobo, my hobby is playing basketball and playing volleyball and etc.but i hope i want to be a successful programmer someday and i leave in boulevard. my grand father's name is maud mangacoy my grand mother's name is eday buto, occupation of my father is farmer my mother occupation is teacher in day care center, during my elementary school i will receive my award for best in dancing and singing.

PART OF COMPUTER

monitor, is a piece of electrical equipment which displays viewable images generated by a computer without producing a permanent record. The word "monitor" is used in other contexts; in particular in television broadcasting, where a television picture is displayed to a high standard. A computer display device is usually either a cathode ray tube or some form of flat panel such as a TFT LCD display. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry to generate a picture from electronic signals sent by the computer, and an enclosure or case. Within the computer, either as an integral part or a plugged-in interface, there is circuitry to convert internal data to a format compatible with a monitor.






CPU

Abbreviation of central processing unit, and pronounced as separate letters. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.
Two typical components of a CPU are:
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.
Also see All About Dual-Core Processors in Webopedia's "Did You Know...?" section.








RAM

Pronounced ramm, acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.
There are two basic types of RAM:

dynamic RAM (DRAM)
static RAM (SRAM)




HARDDISK

A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive or hard disk,[1] is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a device distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit with fixed media.[2]
HDDs were originally developed for use with computers. In the 21st century, applications for HDDs have expanded beyond computers to include digital video recorders, digital audio players, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, and video game consoles. In 2005 the first mobile phones to include HDDs were introduced by Samsung and Nokia. The need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device, led to the introduction of configurations such as RAID arrays, network attached storage (NAS) systems and storage area network (SAN) systems that provide efficient and reliable




KEYBOARD
A computer keyboard is a peripheral partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard. Keyboards are designed for the input of text and characters and also to control the operation of a computer.
Physically, computer keyboards are an arrangement of rectangular or near-rectangular buttons, or "keys". Keyboards typically have characters engraved or printed on the keys; in most cases, each press of a key corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence; other keys do not produce any symbol, but instead affect the operation of the computer or the keyboard itself. See input method editor.
Roughly 50% of all keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters). Other keys can produce actions when pressed, and other actions are available by the simultaneous pressing of more than one action






POWER SUPPLY


Power supplies in today's computers are known as SWITCHMODE or Switching Mode power supplies and require a load to continue to operate after being switched on (the term switching mode actually applies to the technique of A/C to D/C conversion and not to the power up action). This load is provided by a 10 watt, 10 ohm wire wound load resistor (sandbar - about $0.80 at Radio Shack) across the +5 volt supply. Some inexpensive power supplies may fail if forced on without a load. The sandbar has been zip tied to the case with a small amount of heat sink compound applied. Without cooling, the resistor will get very hot and may fail prematurely. With this arrangement, the resistor will remain barely warm to the touch. Be warned that many of the heat sink greases can be quite toxic and any excess should be cleaned up and disposed of properly. Also be sure to thoroughly clean your hands and tools after use. While most heatsink compounds are rated to 160 to 170 C, some may dry out over time and their effectiveness will diminish -- a periodic check for good contact between the case and resistor is a recommended practice.



MOTHER BOARD



MOTHER BOARD

motherboard is the central or primary circuit board making up a complex electronic system, such as a modern computer. It is also known as a mainboard, baseboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, a logic board, and is sometimes abbreviated as mobo.[1]
The basic purpose of the motherboard, like a backplane, is to provide the electrical and logical connections by which the other components of the system communicate.
A typical desktop computer is built with the microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components on the motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices are typically attached to the motherboard via edge connectors and cables, although in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate these "peripherals" into the motherboard

MOUSE


MOUSE

mouse (plural mice) is a rodent that belongs to one of numerous species of small mammals. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse (Mus musculus). It is found in nearly all countries and, like the laboratory mouse, serves as an important model organism in biology, and is also a popular pet. The American white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) also sometimes live in houses. These species of mice live commensally with humans.
Although they may live up to two years in the lab, the average mouse in the wild lives only about 5 months, primarily due to heavy predation. Cats, wild dogs, foxes, birds of prey, snakes and even certain kinds of insects have been known to prey heavily upon mice. Nevertheless, due to its remarkable adaptability to almost any environment, and its ability to live commensally with humans, the mouse is regarded to be the third most successful mammalian species living on Earth today, after humans and the rat.
Mice can be harmful pests, damaging and eating crops and spreading diseases through their parasites and feces. In the Western United States, breathing dust that has come in contact with mouse feces has been linked to the deadly hantavirus. The original motivation for the domestication of cats is thought to have been for their predation of mice and their relatives, the rats.